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Home / Pathology / Cell Injury and Adaptation

Cell Injury and Adaptation

4 topics in Cell Injury and Adaptation for PGET Paper I Pathology. Each one explains the concept simply, then gives exam-focus points and a quick revision list.

Cell injury, ischaemia, hypoxia and necrosisThe causes of cell injury, how hypoxia and ischaemia damage cells, the signs of reversible and irreversible injury, and the six morphological types of necrosis with the organs and diseases they occur in.Apoptosis and autolysisWhat apoptosis is, when it is normal and when it is disease, the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways and the key proteins (BCL-2, p53, caspases), how it differs from necrosis, and what autolysis means.Cellular adaptations: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy and metaplasiaHow cells adapt to stress by changing their size, number or type, with physiological and pathological examples of hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy and metaplasia, and how these link to dysplasia and cancer.Pigmentation and pathological calcificationThe pigments that build up in tissues from outside (carbon, tattoo ink) and inside the body (lipofuscin, melanin, haemosiderin, bilirubin), and the two types of pathological calcification, dystrophic and metastatic, with their causes and clinical significance.
Next chapterInflammation and Repair

All Pathology chapters · All PGET subjects

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For education and revision. Not a medical device and not a substitute for clinical judgement, senior advice or your hospital’s protocols. Check every dose against a current drug reference before prescribing. Not affiliated with PMDC, CPSP, NUMS or any hospital.