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Anatomy, Embryology and Histology

7 topics in Anatomy, Embryology and Histology for PGET Paper II Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Each one explains the concept simply, then gives exam-focus points and a quick revision list.

Female genital anatomy: organs, ligaments, blood supply, lymphatics and nervesThe vulva, vagina, uterus, cervix, tubes and ovaries, the ligaments that hold them, and the arteries, veins, lymph nodes and nerves of the female genital tract, with the surgical relations PGET likes to test.

Female bony pelvis, pelvic floor, pouches and pelvic visceraThe bones and joints of the female pelvis, its inlet, cavity and outlet diameters, the four pelvic shapes, the levator ani and perineal body, the pouch of Douglas, and the bladder, urethra, ureter and rectum with their relations.

Embryology of the female genital and urinary tractHow the indifferent gonad becomes an ovary or testis, how the Müllerian and Wolffian ducts form the internal organs, how the vagina and external genitalia form, and how the kidney, ureter and bladder develop, with the timings and remnants PGET asks about.

Histology of the female and male reproductive organs and genitourinary tractThe lining epithelium and key cells of the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, tubes and ovary, the testis and male ducts, and the ureter, bladder and urethra, with the cell functions that PGET MCQs test.

Developmental defects of the female genitourinary tract (Müllerian anomalies)The congenital structural defects of the uterus, cervix, vagina and urinary tract: how each arises from a failure of Müllerian formation, fusion, canalisation or septal absorption, how they present, how to tell them apart on imaging, and how they are treated.

Breast: anatomy, embryology, histology, prolactin and lactationThe position, structure, blood supply and lymph drainage of the breast, how it forms from the milk line, its microscopic structure, how oestrogen, progesterone, prolactin and oxytocin control milk production and let-down, what colostrum and breast milk contain, and the common lactation problems.

Placenta: development, structure, functions and hormonesHow the trophoblast implants and forms the placenta, how the villi, intervillous space, cord and membranes are built, how oxygen, nutrients and antibodies cross, which hormones the placenta makes and what they do, and the shape and cord anomalies that matter clinically.

Next chapterReproductive Physiology and Endocrinology

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