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Home / Pathology / Neoplasia

Neoplasia

4 topics in Neoplasia for PGET Paper I Pathology. Each one explains the concept simply, then gives exam-focus points and a quick revision list.

Dysplasia, neoplasia and benign vs malignant tumoursWhat a neoplasm is, how dysplasia and carcinoma in situ come before invasive cancer, how tumours are named, and the features that separate benign from malignant tumours (differentiation, anaplasia, growth rate, invasion and metastasis).Carcinogenesis and carcinogenic agentsHow normal cells become cancer cells: the genes involved (oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, DNA repair and apoptosis genes), the hallmarks of cancer, the multistep model, and the chemical, radiation and viral carcinogens that matter for the exam and in Pakistan.Tumour spread, grading and stagingHow malignant tumours invade and spread (local invasion, lymphatic, blood and transcoelomic routes), which tumours prefer which route and organ, and the difference between grading (how abnormal the cells look) and staging (how far the cancer has spread), including TNM.Effects of tumours, paraneoplastic syndromes, tumour markers and cancer in PakistanHow tumours harm the patient (local effects, hormones, cachexia, paraneoplastic syndromes), the tumour markers you must match to their cancers, how tumours are diagnosed in the laboratory, and the commonest cancers and screening in Pakistan.
Previous chapterHaemodynamicsNext chapterGenetics

All Pathology chapters · All PGET subjects

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For education and revision. Not a medical device and not a substitute for clinical judgement, senior advice or your hospital’s protocols. Check every dose against a current drug reference before prescribing. Not affiliated with PMDC, CPSP, NUMS or any hospital.